多重耐药病原菌对呼吸机相关性肺炎预后的影响

目的探讨多重耐药病原菌对呼吸机相关性肺炎预后的影响。方法选择2012年1月至2018年6月在上海市肺科医院诊断为VAP的382例患者作为研究对象,观察临床资料与预后的相关性。结果382例VAP患者有172例分离出多重耐药菌。多重耐药和非多重耐药患者性别、年龄、原发肺部疾病、VAP类型、诊断前联合应用抗生素、合并心血管疾病和糖尿病、激素应用情况、28d生存状态等因素均存在差异(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic分析显示,其他菌耐药是导致VAP患者死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论非发酵革兰阴性杆菌多重耐药不影响VAP患者的28d生存率,其他菌种耐药,是影响VAP患者28d死亡率的危险因素,值得进一步研究。     

Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis

Bacterial keratitis continues to be one of the leading causes of corneal blindness in the developed as well as the developing world, despite swift progress since the dawn of the “anti-biotic era”. Although, we have expeditiously developed our understanding about the different causative organisms and associated pathology leading to keratitis, extensive gaps in knowledge continue to dampen the efforts required for early and accurate diagnosis, and management in these patients, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The ability of the causative bacteria to subdue the therapeutic challenge stems from their large genome encoding complex regulatory networks, variety of unique virulence factors, and rapid secretion of tissue damaging proteases and toxins.In this review article, we provide an overview of the established diagnostic techniques and therapeutics for keratitis caused by various bacteria. We extensively report the recent in-roads through novel tools for accurately diagnosing mono- and poly-bacterial corneal infections. Furthermore, we outline the recent progress by our groups and others in understanding the sub-cellular genomic changes that lead to antibiotic resistance in these organisms. Finally, we discuss in detail, the novel therapies and drug delivery systems in development for the efficacious management of bacterial keratitis.     

Performance of the new FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 panel and its potential impact on clinical use in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia

IntroductionRapid diagnostic tests have been developed recently for rapid species or resistance genes identification, offering the potential to improve the selection of appropriate antibiotics. The newly developed FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) panel, which can identify more species and resistance genes, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, is expected to make an impact on antimicrobial practice.MethodsThe consecutive 50 inpatients with Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia were enrolled to this retrospective single-center study. In addition to the existing FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) panel, we have implemented BCID2 panel for positive blood culture. The sensitivity and specificity of BCID and BCID2 panel were respectively calculated, and a simulation study of time to effective, optimal and de-escalation therapy was performed based on BCID or BCID2 result.ResultsA total of 52 Gram-negative organisms in 50 patients were identified from blood cultures. Of these, 45 (87%) organisms were detected by BCID2 panel, which was more than BCID panel (41 organisms, 79%). BCID2 panel detected 5 CTX-M genes, which were concordant with conventional method. The time to effective therapy did not differ between BCID arm and BCID2 arm; however, the median time to optimal therapy (34 h in BCID arm and 26 h in BCID2 arm, P = 0.0007) and the median time to de-escalation therapy (42 h in BCID arm and 22 h in BCID2 arm, P = 0.0005) were significantly shortened.ConclusionsThis simulation study of BCID2 panel showed high sensitivity and specificity, and the potential impact on shortening the time to optimal and de-escalation therapy.     

金黄色葡萄球菌异质性耐药机制及实验室检测技术

 异质性耐药是一种特殊的细菌耐药类型，常表现为同一克隆来源的不同细菌亚群对某种抗菌药物表现出不一致的耐药特征，大多数亚群对某种抗菌药物敏感，而少部分亚群对其耐药或高度耐药。异质性耐药分离株常会导致特定抗菌药物抗感染治疗失败。针对异质性耐药菌较为深入的研究主要集中于革兰阴性菌，革兰阳性球菌的相关报道较少。近年有研究报道万古霉素、利奈唑胺、苯唑西林等多种类型抗菌药物异质性耐药金黄色葡萄球菌分离株出现，但其实际临床意义尚待进一步评估。此文对金黄色葡萄球菌异质性耐药机制和检测技术最新进展进行综述，为细菌异质性耐药机制研究和新型检测技术研发提供新的思路。     

Induction of tumor cell autosis by myxoma virus-infected CAR-T and TCR-T cells to overcome primary and acquired resistance

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常见抗生素与新型抗菌药物在临床上的研究应用进展

摘要：抗生素的研发与使用有效杀灭和抑制了众多病原菌，挽救了无数人的生命，但由于抗生素的不合理使用，导致细菌耐 药不断出现，耐药菌的感染已严重地威胁人类的生命健康。为此，本文主要对近年来临床上常用的抗生素如β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮 类、氨基糖苷类药物以及新型抗菌药物如抗菌肽和纳米颗粒的应用研究进行总结分析与探讨，为临床上治疗疾病提供一些参考。     

大黄素治疗代谢相关脂肪性肝病的作用机制研究进展

代谢相关脂肪性肝病既往称为非酒精性脂肪肝，与肥胖、糖尿病、高脂血症等关系密切，还明显增加心血管死亡的风险。大黄素是大黄、何首乌中主要的活性成分，具有多种生物学功能。大黄素可通过降低肝细胞脂质沉积、抑制肝脏炎症反应、抗胰岛素抵抗、抑制肝纤维化、抗氧化应激反应等多种途径对代谢相关脂肪性肝病发挥治疗作用。总结了大黄素治疗代谢相关脂肪性肝病的作用机制，为代谢相关脂肪性肝病的治疗提供参考。     

High frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriers at a Japanese long-term care hospital

IntroductionLong-term care hospitals (LTCHs) are at a high risk for the inflow and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens. However, owing to limited laboratory resources, little is known about the extent to which AMR organisms are endemic.MethodsWe performed active surveillance for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) in newly admitted patients at Marugame Medical Center, a nearly 200-bedded LTCH located in Kagawa, Japan. From August to December 2021, we tested stool samples from patients wearing diapers and confirmed the genetic variants using specific PCR assays. We also collected clinical variables and compared them between AMR carriers and non-carriers.ResultsStool samples were collected from 75 patients, with a median age of 84 years. CRE strain was not detected, but 37 strains of ESBL-E were isolated from 32 patients (42.7%). During the study period, 4.9% of in-hospital patients (37 per 756 patients) were identified to be ESBL-E carriers in the routine microbiological processing, suggesting that active surveillance detected approximately 9-fold more ESBL-E carriers. The bla_CTX-M-9 group was the most common (38.5%), followed by the bla_TEM (26.9%). The clinical backgrounds of the ESBL-E non-carriers and carriers were not significantly different.ConclusionOur active screening demonstrated that nearly half of the patients hospitalized or transferred to a Japanese LTCH were colonized with ESBL-E. We highlight the enforcement of universal basic infection prevention techniques at LTCHs where patients carrying AMR pathogens gather.